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TRUVACE RECORD VERSION
record: TRV-2026-2189
version: 1
kind: certified
reason: Certified into the record
timestamp: 2026-10-22T22:03:17.881972Z
status: published
lens: g_space
sector: health
headline: Artificial Intelligence as a Digital Consultant: Evaluating Large Language Models for Patient Inquiries on Dental Caries
dek: ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the clinical accuracy, usefulness, global overall quality (GQS), and readability of ChatGPT, Gemini, and DeepSeek responses to patient questions regarding dental caries. Materials and Methods Fifty‐nine simulated patient questions concerning caries diagnosis, etiology, treatment, and prevention were queried in Turkish. Three restorative dentists independently evaluated the responses for accuracy, usefulness, and GQS. Readability was assessed using the Ateşman index. Statistical ana…
gain_title: Gemini produced the most accurate, useful and highest-quality answers to simulated patient caries questions, suggesting it could serve as a digital preconsultation aid.
problem_title: (none)
trace_subject: (none)
gain_reading: Gemini produced the most accurate, useful and highest-quality answers to simulated patient caries questions, suggesting it could serve as a digital preconsultation aid.
gain_evidence: Gemini achieved the highest overall clinical accuracy, usefulness, and GQS scores. | Gemini offers the highest accuracy and quality as a digital preconsultation tool.
problem_reading: (none)
problem_evidence: (none)
quick_read: Researchers put 59 simulated patient questions about caries diagnosis, causes, treatment and prevention to three chatbots, ChatGPT, Gemini and DeepSeek, in Turkish. Three restorative dentists rated each response independently for clinical accuracy, usefulness and overall quality, and readability was scored with the Ateşman index.

The results suggest that chatbot choice matters when patients seek dental information, because the tools differed significantly in quality and in how easy their text was to read. The authors stress that these tools should complement professional advice, and the study does not show how patients would fare using them in real care.
limitation: The questions were simulated rather than from real patients and were asked in Turkish, so the findings may not carry over to actual patient use or other languages.
tag: Evidence-backed gain
key_points: The test used 59 simulated questions on caries diagnosis, etiology, treatment and prevention, posed in Turkish. | Three restorative dentists rated responses, and inter-rater reliability was high (ICC > 0.75). | Performance differed significantly among the three models (p < 0.001), with Gemini scoring highest on accuracy, usefulness and quality. | ChatGPT wrote the most readable text, generally rated easy to read on the Ateşman index. | For DeepSeek, higher clinical accuracy correlated significantly with better readability.
rundown: The study compared three widely available chatbots on the same set of caries questions. Dentist raters scored accuracy, usefulness and a global quality score, while a separate index measured how readable the answers were.

Statistical methods included the Friedman test for comparing models and Spearman correlation for relationships between variables. The models differed significantly, and the best performer on clinical quality was not the one with the most readable text.

The authors conclude that Gemini is the strongest candidate as a digital preconsultation tool among those tested. They add that AI tools should complement, not replace, professional dental advice.
sources:
- peer_reviewed | Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry | https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.70284 | 2026-10-22
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