aceLarge Language Models in Healthcare and Medical Applications: A Review
This paper provides a systematic and in-depth examination of large language models (LLMs) in the healthcare domain, addressing their significant potential to transform medical practice through advanced natural language processing capabilities. Current implementations demonstrate LLMs' promising applications across clinical decision support, medical education, diagnostics, and patient care, while highlighting critical challenges in privacy, ethical deployment, and factual accuracy that require resolution for resp…
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By June 10 2025, this peer-reviewed review in Bioengineering synthesized current implementations of large language models in healthcare, describing their use across clinical decision support, medical education, diagnostics, and patient care, and detailing methods like domain-specific pre-training and supervised fine-tuning.
The findings matter because they frame LLMs as potentially transformative for medical practice, but the review itself stresses that privacy risks, factual accuracy failures, bias, and governance gaps remain unresolved, leaving uncertainty about how to achieve safe, equitable, and compliant deployment. The paper presents these as observed challenges as of its publication date, not as measured outcomes from a single trial. The two summary paragraphs must be distinct from the title, statements, main points, rundown, and each other. Paragraph one explains what happened; paragraph two explains why it matters and what remains uncertain. Main points and rundown paragraphs must add separate factual details rather than repeat the summary or one another. Supply a limitation only when the source itself substantiates a meaningful boundary, uncertainty, study-design constraint, population limit, or
- The paper is a systematic review of large language models in the healthcare domain.
- It describes methodological aspects including domain-specific data acquisition, large-scale pre-training, supervised fine-tuning, prompt engineering, and in-context learning.
- It categorizes application areas as clinical decision support, medical education, diagnostics, and patient care.
As of June 2025 review, current implementations of large language models were observed to offer promising applications in clinical decision support, diagnostics, and patient care.
The rundown
The review outlines the evolution and architectural foundation of healthcare LLMs and their multimodal capabilities, detailing methods such as domain-specific data acquisition, large-scale pre-training, supervised fine-tuning, prompt engineering, and in-context learning in healthcare use cases.
It concludes with an outlook on emerging research directions and strategic recommendations for development and deployment, while explicitly listing governance, fairness, equity, and regulatory compliance as prevailing challenges.
Sources
- Peer-reviewedBioengineering2025-06-10
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