AI chatbots left out critical risks in jaw surgery consent forms, a study of 132 outputs found
Researchers asked four free consumer chatbots (ChatGPT, Gemini, DeepSeek and Grok) to write informed consent materials for 11 orthognathic and craniofacial procedures, repeating each request three times in new chats for 132 outputs. Three oral and maxillofacial surgeons scored them against a locked checklist.
Journal of Stomatology Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
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