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TRUVACE RECORD VERSION
record: TRV-2026-2851
version: 1
kind: certified
reason: Certified into the record
timestamp: 2026-11-12T17:34:58.513791Z
status: published
lens: g_space
sector: education
headline: Influence of artificial intelligence tools on higher order thinking skills: a meta-analysis
dek: The use of artificial intelligence (AI) has received scholarly attention and is becoming a common trend in the field of education, while the cultivation of higher order thinking (HOT) skills still remains as one of the crucial educational objectives. Recent years have seen substantial amount of research exploring the influence of Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIEd) use on each HOT skills of students, which necessitated a systematic review to amalgamate the findings quantitatively. This meta-analysis stud…
gain_title: A meta-analysis of 29 studies with 2.966 participants found classrooms using AI tools had a medium positive effect on students' higher order thinking skills, with scores 9.3% higher.
problem_title: (none)
trace_subject: (none)
gain_reading: A meta-analysis of 29 studies with 2.966 participants found classrooms using AI tools had a medium positive effect on students' higher order thinking skills, with scores 9.3% higher.
gain_evidence: The findings suggested that instructional settings which incorporated AI technologies enhanced students’ HOT skills 9.3% higher. | This research confirmed the use of AIEd had a medium positive effect on skills classified as HOT skills.
problem_reading: (none)
problem_evidence: (none)
quick_read: A meta-analysis pooled 29 articles published between 2000 and 2023, covering 2.966 participants, to test how AI in education affects students' higher order thinking skills. It found a medium positive effect, with instruction that included AI technologies producing skills 9.3% higher.

The question matters because building higher order thinking remains a core educational goal, and a large amount of research has studied AI's influence on individual skills. Pooling those results gives a single estimate across many settings.

The size of the effect varied significantly by country, year of publication and the specific AI tool or agent used, so the average does not apply equally everywhere.
limitation: The effect sizes varied significantly by country, publication year and the AI tool or agent used, so the pooled average may not hold across all settings.
tag: Evidence-backed gain
key_points: The meta-analysis included 29 articles with a total of 2.966 participants. | The included studies span the years 2000 to 2023. | AI-supported instruction had a medium positive effect on higher order thinking skills. | Instructional settings with AI technologies enhanced these skills 9.3% higher. | Country, year of publication and AI tool or agent significantly moderated the size of the effect.
rundown: The authors set out to combine quantitatively the findings of recent research on how artificial intelligence in education affects each higher order thinking skill among students. They also tested which moderator variables change the size of the effect.

Across 29 articles and 2.966 participants from 2000 to 2023, they report a medium positive effect. Classrooms using AI technologies showed higher order thinking skills 9.3% higher than comparison settings.

Moderator analysis showed that the country where a study took place, its year of publication and the AI tool or agent used significantly shaped the effect sizes.
sources:
- peer_reviewed | Interactive Learning Environments | https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2024.2402028 | 2024-09-16
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