Large language models in undergraduate medical education: a systematic review of examination performance, knowledge acquisition, and learner perceptions

BACKGROUND: Large language models (LLMs), particularly successive iterations of ChatGPT (GPT-3.5 and GPT-4), have demonstrated increasingly sophisticated performance on standardised medical assessments and are now widely accessible to undergraduate medical students worldwide. Although the evidence base has expanded rapidly since ChatGPT's public release in November 2022, findings remain fragmented across three largely distinct research domains: examination performance, knowledge acquisition, and learner percepti…