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TRUVACE RECORD VERSION
record: TRV-2026-2722
version: 1
kind: certified
reason: Certified into the record
timestamp: 2026-11-12T17:14:45.261698Z
status: published
lens: trace
sector: health
headline: Effectiveness of chatbots in increasing uptake, intention, and attitudes related to any type of vaccination: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
dek: This systematic review and meta-analysis analyzed and summarized the growing literature on the effectiveness of chatbot-delivered interventions in increasing uptake, intention, and attitudes related to any type of vaccination. We identified randomized controlled studies (RCTs), quasi-experimental studies, and non-experimental studies from the following platforms: PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Global Health, APA PsycInfo, and EMBASE databases. A total of 12 eligible studies published from 2019 to 2023 were ana…
gain_title: A meta-analysis of six randomized trials found chatbot interventions improved vaccination attitudes (pooled SMD 0.34, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.55), and one trial found a tailored chatbot lifted flu vaccine uptake among older adults to 50.5% versus 35.3%.
problem_title: The same meta-analysis of six randomized trials found no significant effect of chatbots on vaccination intentions (SMD 0.11, 95% CI -0.13 to 0.34, p = 0.38), so attitude gains did not clearly lead to intent to get vaccinated.
trace_subject: Chatbot-delivered interventions for vaccination attitudes, intentions and uptake
gain_reading: A meta-analysis of six randomized trials found chatbot interventions improved vaccination attitudes (pooled SMD 0.34, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.55), and one trial found a tailored chatbot lifted flu vaccine uptake among older adults to 50.5% versus 35.3%.
gain_evidence: The pooled standard mean difference (SMD) of overall attitude change was 0.34 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.13, 0.55, p = 0.001). | 50.5% versus 35.3%, p = 0.002
problem_reading: The same meta-analysis of six randomized trials found no significant effect of chatbots on vaccination intentions (SMD 0.11, 95% CI -0.13 to 0.34, p = 0.38), so attitude gains did not clearly lead to intent to get vaccinated.
problem_evidence: We found a non-significant trivial effect of chatbot interventions on improving intentions of vaccination (SMD: 0.11, 95% CI: -0.13, 0.34, p = 0.38).
quick_read: A systematic review and meta-analysis published in June 2024 examined whether chatbots can increase vaccination uptake, intention and positive attitudes. It analysed 12 eligible studies published between 2019 and 2023, drawn from PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Global Health, APA PsycInfo and EMBASE.

Six randomized trials were pooled for the meta-analysis. Chatbots produced a pooled attitude change of 0.34 standard deviations (95% CI 0.13 to 0.55), but the effect on vaccination intentions was small and not statistically significant (0.11, 95% CI -0.13 to 0.34).

On actual uptake, one randomized trial found a tailored chatbot beat a non-tailored one for seasonal flu vaccination among older adults, 50.5% versus 35.3%. Participants reported high satisfaction and were likely to recommend the chatbot, though the authors say more evidence is needed for firmer conclusions.
limitation: The authors say further evidence is needed for a more precise conclusion; only six randomized trials could be pooled and the intention estimate had a wide confidence interval spanning zero.
tag: Dual reading
key_points: The review covered 12 eligible studies published from 2019 to 2023, including randomized, quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs. | Six randomized trials were pooled to assess attitudes and intentions toward vaccination. | Pooled attitude change was 0.34 SMD (95% CI 0.13 to 0.55, p = 0.001). | The effect on vaccination intentions was 0.11 SMD (95% CI -0.13 to 0.34, p = 0.38), not significant. | One trial found tailored chatbot messaging led to 50.5% flu vaccine uptake among older adults versus 35.3% for a non-tailored chatbot. | Participants reported high satisfaction with chatbots and were likely to recommend them to others.
rundown: The authors searched six databases for randomized controlled, quasi-experimental and non-experimental studies of chatbot-delivered vaccination interventions and found 12 eligible studies published between 2019 and 2023.

Only six randomized trials had data suitable for pooling. They showed a statistically significant improvement in vaccination attitudes, but the improvement in intentions could not be distinguished from zero.

The clearest uptake result came from a single trial among older adults, where a tailored chatbot outperformed a non-tailored one for seasonal influenza vaccination (50.5% versus 35.3%, p = 0.002). The authors describe chatbot development as still nascent with room for improvement.
sources:
- peer_reviewed | Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being | https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12564 | 2024-06-17
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