Machine Learning‐Based Postprocessing Ensemble of AI and NWP Models for Short‐Term Air Temperature Forecasting Over Beijing

ABSTRACT Accurate short‐term air temperature forecasts are critical for societal and economic activities, particularly for energy management and urban planning. This study evaluates 6–72 h air temperature forecasts over Beijing from January 2022 to December 2023 using both numerical weather prediction (NWP) and AI‐based models. The AI models, GraphCast and Pangu, were initialized with the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) and NOAA Global Forecast System (GFS), resulting in GraphCast‐IFS, Pangu‐IFS, Graph…