An online spectral nudging-based correction system: improving physical model forecasts by incorporating large-scale circulations derived from machine learning models

The development of traditional numerical weather prediction (NWP) relies on continuous advances in observation technology, data assimilation methods, numerical and parameterization algorithms, and the steady growth of computational resources, resulting in lengthy development cycles and relatively slow improvements in forecast skill. In recent years, machine learning (ML)-based weather forecasting models have advanced rapidly, and in some aspects, outperform traditional physical models, particularly in forecastin…